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Wopanga Mabodi Aakulu a Keke Opangidwa Mwapadera | Wogulitsa ndi Wogulitsa
Kwa masitolo ogulitsa makeke, masitolo akuluakulu ogulitsa ndi masitolo ogulitsa, ma phukusi akuluakulu a keke amakona anayindi ofunikira kwambiri chifukwa akufuna kuwonetsa kukhazikika ndi kalembedwe ka makeke.njira yosungiramo katundu,Tili ndi malo opangira zinthu okwana masikweya mita 8,000, omwe amapereka chithandizo chimodzi chopangira ziwiya zophikira mongamabolodi a keke, mabokosi a keke, bolodi la salimoni, kukongoletsa makeke, ndi mawonekedwe a makeke.
Ndife opanga ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle, opereka zinthu zambiri komanso zopangidwa ndi OEM. Sinthani kukula, makulidwe, ndi kumaliza (ma logo osagwirizana ndi mafuta, osindikizidwa). MOQ mayunitsi 500, zitsanzo zachangu (masiku 3-5). Zosankha zovomerezeka ndi FSC zilipo. Ndi zaka zoposa 10 mu B2B, timakwaniritsa zosowa zambiri modalirika—zabwino, kusinthasintha, komanso mitengo yopikisana.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusankha Mabolodi Akuluakulu a Keke a Rectangle kwa Akatswiri Ophika Makeke?
Akatswiri ophika buledi amasankha matabwa akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi kuti akhale olimba ndi makeke akuluakulu amakona anayi. Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi amakwanira kukula koyenera; zosankha zambiri za keke yamakona anayi zimakwaniritsa zosowa zambiri. Zolimba, zosagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, zosinthika ndi ma logo—zabwino kwambiri kwa ophika buledi.
1. Wangwiro pa Makeke a Mapepala, Makeke Okhala ndi Ma Tiered & Makeke a Ukwati
Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi ndi abwino kwambiri pa makeke a mapepala, makeke okhala ndi magawo, ndi makeke aukwati. Olimba, osinthika kukula/kukhuthala, amapereka chithandizo chodalirika. Amapezeka ngati matabwa akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi kapena kudzera mu keke yamakona anayi—abwino kwambiri kwa ma buledi omwe amafunikira njira zolimba komanso zopangidwira.
2. Thandizo Lolimba la Mapangidwe Olemera & Aakulu
Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi amapereka chithandizo cholimba cha mapangidwe a keke olemera komanso akuluakulu. Opangidwa ndi zinthu zokhuthala komanso zolimba, amaletsa kugwa—zofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zazikulu kapena zazikulu. Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi ndi zosankha zambiri za keke yamakona anayi zimatsimikizira kuti zikugwirizana bwino, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za ophika buledi kuti zithandizidwe modalirika komanso molimba.
3. Yang'anani Mawonetsero Apamwamba a Zapamwamba
Konzani mawonetsero apamwamba ndi ma board athu akuluakulu a keke a rectangle. Mapeto osalala ndi m'mbali zosalala zimawonjezera kukongola kwa makeke a papepala/a ukwati. Ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle (okhala ndi ma logo) ndi ma keke a rectangle omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri amaphatikiza kulimba ndi kukongola—abwino kwambiri kwa ma buledi apamwamba omwe cholinga chake ndi kusangalatsa makasitomala.
Zosankha Zathu Zapamwamba Za Mabokosi a Keke
Zipangizo & Zosankha Zomangamanga
Kadibodi Yopangidwa ndi Corrugated vs MDF Yolimba
Sankhani pakati pa makatoni opindika ndi MDF yolimba ya matabwa akuluakulu a keke: Corrugated imapereka chithandizo chopepuka komanso chotsika mtengo—chabwino kwambiri pamtengo wogulira makeke ang'onoang'ono. MDF yolimba imapereka kulimba kwapamwamba kwambiri, yoyenera kwambiri pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke ang'onoang'ono omwe amawonetsedwa mwapadera. Zonsezi zimathandizira kulimba; sankhani kutengera kulemera, bajeti, komanso zosowa zokongola.
Malo Opaka Laminated vs Osaphimbidwa
Malo opaka utoto poyerekeza ndi osapakidwa utoto pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle: Zosankha zopaka utoto sizimathira mafuta, zimagwirizana ndi zodzaza zosasangalatsa—zabwino kwambiri pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle omwe amafunika kulimba. Uncoated imapereka mawonekedwe achilengedwe, abwino kwambiri pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle m'mafakitale ophikira makeke. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito pa makeke akuluakulu a rectangle; sankhani kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso kukongola kwake.
Kulemera kwa Makeke Aakulu
Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke a rectangle ali ndi mphamvu yodalirika yonyamula makeke akuluakulu. Zosankha zopangidwa ndi corrugated zimatha kulemera makilogalamu 5-10, pomwe MDF yolimba imatha kulemera makilogalamu 15+—ndi yabwino kwambiri pa makeke olemera okhala ndi tiered kapena mapepala. Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke a rectangle ndi makeke a rectangle omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri amaonetsetsa kuti akukwanira bwino, zomwe zimapatsa ophika mkate chidaliro mu chithandizo chokhazikika komanso cholimba cha kukula kulikonse.
Zosankha Zobwezerezedwanso Kapena Zowonongeka
Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a makeke amakona anayi amapereka njira zobwezerezedwanso kapena zowola—zosankha zosamalira chilengedwe kwa ophika buledi. Mabolodi akuluakulu a makeke amakona anayi ndi makeke amakona anayi opangidwa ndi zinthu zokhazikika, zogwirizana ndi mtengo wobiriwira. Olimba koma ochezeka padziko lapansi, amathandizira makeke akuluakulu amakona anayi pomwe akukwaniritsa zolinga zachilengedwe, abwino kwambiri kwa mabizinesi odziwa bwino ntchito yawo.
Ntchito Zosinthira Zinthu Kwa Ogula Ambiri
Timapereka makulidwe, mitundu, ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwa makasitomala ambiri—mabolodi akuluakulu a keke ozungulira omwe amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe mukufuna. Sankhani kukula, mitundu, kapena kudula kwapadera; zosankha za keke yozungulira zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo akuluakulu zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Zabwino kwambiri kwa ogulitsa makeke omwe amafunikira matabwa akuluakulu a keke ozungulira omwe amagwirizana ndi chizindikiro. Ndi yolunjika ku fakitale, yogwira ntchito bwino, komanso yopangidwira oda zambiri.
Kwa makasitomala ambiri, kusindikiza ndi kupanga ma logo kumakweza ma board akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi. Sinthani ndi logo yanu kudzera pa CMYK kapena Pantone—zosindikiza zakuthwa komanso zolimba zomwe zimathandizira kudziwika kwa mtundu. Ma board akuluakulu a keke okhala ndi ma rectangle opangidwa ndi rectangle amakula bwino, kusandutsa maziko ogwira ntchito kukhala zida zopangira ma brand. Ndi yothandiza kwambiri pa maoda ambiri.
Timapereka ma phukusi apadera a matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle—ogwirizana ndi zosowa zambiri. Sankhani kukula kwa mabokosi, zinthu zachilengedwe, kapena chizindikiro chosindikizidwa. Gwirizanitsani ndi matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle kapena keke ya rectangle yogulitsa kuti ikhale yogwirizana. Fakitale yathu imaonetsetsa kuti ma phukusi akugwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna, kupangitsa kuti kutumiza zinthu zambiri kukhale kosavuta komanso kukulitsa mawonekedwe a mtundu.
Mabodi athu akuluakulu a makeke a rectangle ali ndi MOQ 500 mayunitsi; makeke a rectangle ogulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera amayambira pa 1,000. Nthawi yopangira: Masiku 20-25 kwa muyezo, masiku 25-30 kwa wopangidwa mwamakonda (logo/makulidwe apadera). Kusankha zitsanzo mwachangu (masiku 3-5) kumatsimikizira kutsimikizika mwachangu. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa fakitale kumakwaniritsa zosowa zambiri modalirika.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Mumagwira Ntchito ndi Wopanga Makeke ku China?
Zaka 10+ zogwira ntchito popanga zinthu
Kutumiza kunja padziko lonse lapansi kumayiko opitilira 40
MOQ yosinthasintha ya mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono
Thandizo lathunthu la OEM/ODM
Momwe Mungasankhire Bolodi Lalikulu la Keke Loyenera Pazinthu Zanu
Malangizo a makulidwe a makeke okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri/zigawo zambiri
Kusankha bolodi lalikulu la keke la rectangle loyenera: 3mm-5mm limagwira ntchito pa makeke okhala ndi zigawo chimodzi. Pa mapangidwe amitundu yambiri/magawo, sankhani 6mm-10mm kuti likhale lolimba. Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke a rectangle amakulolani kuti musinthe makulidwe anu; keke yopangidwa ndi rectangle imapereka izi. Yerekezerani ndi kulemera kwa keke yanu—kutsimikizira kuti ikuthandizidwa bwino.
Kusiyana kwa zinthu zofunika pakukongoletsa keke poyerekeza ndi kuwonetsa keke
Pokongoletsa makeke, sankhani matabwa olimba, opinga mafuta (okhala ndi ma 5-6mm okhala ndi ma corrugated) kuti apirire zida/chisokonezo. Kuti muwonetse, sankhani matabwa olimba a 8-10mm—osalala, osinthika (osindikizidwa ndi logo) kuti muwonetse makeke. Ma matabwa akuluakulu a makeke ozungulira kapena zosankha zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zosowa zonse ziwiri, kulinganiza bwino ntchito ndi mawonekedwe.
Gome loperekedwa la kukula ndi ma ratio omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Makulidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi: 12x8", 16x12", 20x16" (chiŵerengero choyenera ndi 3:2/4:3). Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi opangidwa mwamakonda amasinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa zanu.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri: Zonse Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Musanayitanitse
Kodi ma board anu ndi otetezeka ku chakudya komanso sagwiritsa ntchito mafuta?
Inde, ma board athu akuluakulu a makeke a rectangle ndi otetezeka 100% pa chakudya, akutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zosankha zopangidwa ndi laminated sizimathira mafuta, zimaletsa mafuta kutuluka—zabwino kwambiri pamakeke onenepa. Ma board akuluakulu a makeke a rectangle ndi makeke a rectangle onse amakwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo, kuonetsetsa kuti ophika buledi ndi odalirika.
Kodi kuchuluka kocheperako kwa oda yanu ndi kotani?
Kuchuluka kwa oda yathu yocheperako (MOQ) ya ma board akuluakulu a keke ozungulira ndi mayunitsi 500. Pa keke yozungulira yogulitsa (kukula koyenera), MOQ imayamba pa 1000. Zosintha zosinthika zimapezeka kwa makasitomala obwerezabwereza—zabwino kwambiri pakukulitsa zosowa za keke bwino.
Kodi kupanga ndi kutumiza kumatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Kupanga kumatenga masiku 20-25 kuti mugule makeke ang'onoang'ono, masiku 25-30 kuti mugule ma board akuluakulu a makeke ang'onoang'ono. Kutumiza kumadalira komwe mukupita: Masiku 7-10 pandege, masiku 20-30 panyanja. Tidzatsimikizira nthawi yeniyeni yogulira zinthu zikamalizidwa.
Chithunzi cha Kasitomala
Malangizo Aukadaulo & Buku Logulira Mabodi Akuluakulu a Keke a Rectangle
Malingaliro Okhudza Kapangidwe ka Mabokosi Aakulu a Keke Ozungulira
N’chifukwa chiyani maziko a makeke akuluakulu amafunika thandizo lochulukirapo?
Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke ozungulira amafunika thandizo lalikulu pamene kukula kwake kukukwera—ma model a 16x24", 18x26", 20x30", amafuna zipangizo zokhuthala kuti asagwedezeke pansi pa makeke olemera komanso okhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Zosankha zathu zapadera komanso maziko ogulitsa amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba komanso zolimba, zomwe zimaonetsetsa kuti zikhazikika. Monga fakitale, timapereka chithandizo chomwe chikugwirizana ndi zosowa zanu zazikulu za keke, kuthetsa nkhawa zambiri.
Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati makulidwe osiyanasiyana ndi oyenera kulemera kwa keke yanu?
Pa ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle: 1/8" imayenera makeke okhala ndi gawo limodzi la ≤5lbs; 1/4" imagwira ntchito pa makeke okhala ndi magawo ambiri a 5-15lbs; 3/8"+ ndi abwino kwambiri pa makeke olemera a ≥15lbs (monga 20x30" okhala ndi magawo). Zosankha zathu zogulitsa/zapadera zimagwirizana ndi makulidwe ndi kulemera, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Funsani gulu lathu kuti likupatseni malangizo olondola.
Zofunika & Kuteteza Kulemera kwa Mafuta
| Mtundu wa zinthu | ubwino | chilema | mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito |
| bolodi lotuwa | Mtengo wotsika komanso mphamvu yabwino yonyamula katundu | Sizimalimbana ndi mafuta | Ntchito zoyambira |
| Pepala la khadi lagolide lopaka utoto | Ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zapamwamba ndipo siigwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso siigwiritsa ntchito madzi. | Mtengo wa yuniti ndi wokwera pang'ono. | Chithunzi cha ukwati/mphatso |
| Bolodi la MDF | Mphamvu yonyamula katundu yolimba kwambiri komanso yogwiritsidwanso ntchito | Ndi yolemera komanso yokwera mtengo | Chithandizo cha keke chachikulu kwambiri |
Mphamvu ya mtundu wa zokutira pa kulowa kwa mafuta a keke
Mtundu wa kupaka umakhudza kulowa kwa mafuta a keke pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle: Ma pulasitiki opaka utoto amapanga chotchinga, chotchinga mafuta—chofunika kwambiri pa makeke olemera. Malo osapakidwa utoto amayamwa mafuta ang'onoang'ono, oyenera mapangidwe ouma. Ma matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle komanso mitundu ina ya pulasitiki amapereka kupaka utoto uwu, kuonetsetsa kuti keke yanu ili ndi chinyezi chokwanira.
Mavuto Omwe Amakumana ndi Ogula a B2B ndi Mayankho Athu a Fakitale
Kukula kwake sikufanana → Keke silingakwane/Limagwedezeka
Makulidwe a bolodi lalikulu la keke lofanana ndi a rectangle amayambitsa mavuto kapena kugwedezeka. Sankhani kukula kwa 1-2" kuposa keke yanu: mwachitsanzo, bolodi la 13x9" la keke ya 12x8". Mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke ozungulira ndi zosankha zambiri zimaonetsetsa kukula kolondola, kuchotsa mipata - chithandizo chokhazikika cha keke iliyonse yayikulu yozungulira.
Pamwamba pa bolodi pali chopindika → chiwonetsero chosakongola
Bolodi lalikulu la keke lopindika limawononga mawonekedwe okongola. Mabolodi athu—kaya ndi mabolodi akuluakulu a keke opindika kapena ogulitsa ambiri—amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba (3mm+ makulidwe) kuti asagwedezeke. Zopangidwa kuti zikhale zolimba, zimakhala zosalala pamene zikulemera, kuonetsetsa kuti keke yanu ikuwoneka bwino. Khulupirirani khalidwe lathu lopangidwa ndi fakitale kuti mawonetsero akhale okongola.
Kutayika kwakukulu panthawi yonyamula katundu wambiri
Kodi kutayika kwakukulu ponyamula ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle? Mapaketi athu olimba komanso zipangizo zolimba (zazinthu zonse zopangidwa mwamakonda komanso zogulitsa) zimachepetsa kuwonongeka. Mapangidwe olimba komanso okhazikika amakana kupindika/kuphwanya. Kugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi fakitale kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zimayenda bwino—ndizoyenera kuyitanitsa zinthu zambiri, kuchepetsa zinyalala komanso kusunga ndalama zochepa.
Mafuta a keke amalowa pamwamba pa bolodi
Kodi mafuta a keke akulowa m'mabolodi akuluakulu a keke? Zosankha zathu zopaka utoto zimapangitsa kuti mafuta asatayike—abwino kwambiri pa makeke onenepa komanso onenepa. Mabolodi akuluakulu a keke opangidwa mwapadera komanso maziko ogulitsa ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zokutira zotetezeka ku chakudya kuti zisunge chinyezi, ndikusunga zowonetsera zili zoyera. Khulupirirani mapangidwe athu kuti akhale odalirika popanda chisokonezo.
Kukula ndi Kukhuthala Koyenera Kutengera Mtundu wa Keke
| Mtundu wa keke | Kukula Komwe Kumaperekedwa | Kukhuthala kovomerezeka | Zinthu zovomerezeka |
| Keke yamalonda yokhala ndi gawo limodzi | 14" x 20" | 3 ~ 5mm | khadi lagolide |
| Keke ya ukwati imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu | 16" x 24" | 5 ~ 10mm | Bodi la imvi + chophimba cha filimu |
| Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa makeke. | 18" x 26"+ | 10mm | MDF/Katoni Yolimbikitsidwa |
| Kunyamula katundu/kunyamula mufiriji | 12" x 18" | 3 ~ 5mm | Chophimba cha filimu chopanda mafuta mbali ziwiri |
Momwe Timaonetsera Ubwino wa Mabokosi Akuluakulu a Keke mu Maoda Ochuluka
Zitsanzo za kukula koyenera zimaperekedwa kwaulere
Timapereka zitsanzo zaulere za matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle—kuyesa makulidwe, utoto, ndi kulimba pamaso panu. Kaya ndi matabwa akuluakulu a keke a rectangle kapena ogulitsa makeke a rectangle, zitsanzo zimakulolani kutsimikizira ubwino musanagule zambiri. Kutumiza mwachangu komanso mwachindunji ku fakitale—kwabwino kwa ogula a B端 kutsimikizira mosavuta.
Imathandizira kusintha kwa LOGO ndi kuwerengera mitundu
Timathandizira kusintha kwa LOGO ndi kuwerengera mitundu ya ma board akuluakulu a keke. Yesani kusindikiza kwa logo, tsimikizirani kuti Pantone/CMYK ikugwirizana—onetsetsani kuti chizindikirocho chikugwirizana. Ma board onse awiri a keke akuluakulu a rectangle ndi zosankha zambiri amapereka chithandizochi, kulola makasitomala ambiri kutsimikizira zambiri asanapange zonse. Choyenera fakitale yanu malinga ndi zosowa za kampani yanu.
Musanayambe kutumiza maoda, pali maulendo atatu owunikira ubwino: kudula m'mphepete/kuyeza makulidwe/kuyesa kukana mafuta
Bokosi lililonse la ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle limayesedwa kasanu ndi kamodzi musanatumize: kulondola kodulira m'mphepete, kuyeza makulidwe, ndi kukana mafuta. Zosankha zapadera komanso zogulitsa zimakwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima, kuonetsetsa kuti palibe zolakwika. Monga fakitale, timatsimikizira kuti zinthu zanu zambiri zimakhala zabwino nthawi zonse, ndikuchotsa nkhawa.
Tikhoza kupereka ziphaso zapadziko lonse lapansi monga FSC, SGS, ndi kalasi yolumikizirana ndi chakudya
Timapereka ziphaso za FSC, SGS, ndi ma certification a contact contact grade a ma board akuluakulu a makeke a rectangle. Miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi iyi imatsimikizira chitetezo cha zinthu, kukhazikika, ndi khalidwe—zofunika kwambiri kwa ogula ambiri. Zosankha zonse zachikhalidwe ndi za ogulitsa ambiri zimakwaniritsa malamulo awa, ndikutsimikizira kuti misika yapadziko lonse ikutsatira malamulo. Khulupirirani makampani athu ovomerezeka a fakitale.
FSC
BRC
BSCI
CTT
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri Kuchokera kwa Makasitomala Athu Ogulitsa Padziko Lonse
Kodi ndingasindikize dzina langa la buledi pa bolodi?
Inde, mutha kusindikiza mtundu wanu wa buledi pa matabwa akuluakulu a keke amakona anayi. Timapereka kusindikiza kwa logo yanu kudzera pa CMYK/Pantone, kuonetsetsa kuti chizindikirocho ndi cholimba komanso cholimba. Ma board onse a keke akuluakulu amakona anayi ndi amakona anayi amathandizira izi, kusandutsa maziko kukhala zida zotsatsira malonda. Zabwino kwambiri poyitanitsa zinthu zambiri kuti ziwonekere bwino.
Kodi MOQ ya kukula kwakukulu ngati 20"x30" ndi chiyani?
Pa ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle a 20"x30", MOQ ndi mayunitsi 500 pa maoda apadera. Maziko okhazikika a 20"x30" ogulitsidwa ambiri amayambira pa mayunitsi 1,000. Osinthika kwa makasitomala obwerezabwereza—fakitale yathu imatsimikizira kupezeka kosalekeza, kukwaniritsa zosowa zambiri modalirika.
Kodi matabwa anu amatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo ndi otetezeka ku chakudya?
Inde, mabolodi athu akuluakulu a keke ozungulira amatha kubwezeretsedwanso (opangidwa ndi zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe) ndipo ndi otetezeka 100% pa chakudya, akutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zosankha zonse ziwiri zogulitsa ndi zopangidwa mwapadera zimakwaniritsa izi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukhazikika komanso chitetezo cha zinthu zomwe mukufuna pa buledi yanu.
Kodi mungathe kupanga mawonekedwe apadera a ma board a keke a rectangle?
Ngakhale kuti cholinga chathu chili pa ma rectangles, timapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle—kusintha pang'ono pamakona/m'mbali. Ndikwabwino kwambiri pakupanga chizindikiro chapadera. MOQ imagwira ntchito; ma board akuluakulu a keke a rectangle kapena ogulitsa ambiri angathandize kusinthaku. Kambiranani za kapangidwe kanu—tidzasintha malinga ndi zosowa zanu.
Kodi mungathe kusintha mawonekedwe ena kupatula ma board a keke amakona anayi?
Inde, tili ndi mitundu yonse ya ma board a makeke okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe alipo pamsika, monga ozungulira, ozungulira, ooneka ngati mtima,katatu, ndi zosazolowereka.